Let’s explore “MTHFR, homocysteine, and immune signals”

… convert choline toward betaine, a nutrient involved in the homocysteine pathway. Also called: Choline Dehydrogenase Choline can serve more than one purpose CHDH helps convert choline toward betaine, while PEMT helps make phosphatidylcholin…

FOLH1 helps break down folate from food so it can be absorbed. This is different from the MTHFR step.

…in expressed in particular cell types, including subsets of immune cells. It is distinct from the FOLR1 receptor and the SLC19A1 reduced folate carrier. Also called: Folate Receptor 2 Folate receptors also appear in immune pathways FOLR2 en…

The homocysteine chapters include MTHFD1L in the wider folate-related genetic map. Also called: Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase 1-Like A mitochondrial contribution to one-carbon metabolism The homocysteine chapters include MTHFD1L i…

…ynthase enzyme, which uses vitamin B12 in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. Also called: Methionine Synthase The B12-dependent step In Dr. Purser’s teaching map, MTR is the B12-dependent step that converts homocysteine back to m…

… methionine synthase, connecting B12-related chemistry with homocysteine metabolism. Also called: Methionine Synthase Reductase Keeping the remethylation system working Dr. Purser teaches MTRR alongside MTR because the pathway depends on ma…

MTHFS encodes an enzyme that converts 5-formyltetrahydrofolate into 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate. This places it in folate interconversion; it is not another name for MTHFR or a direct maker of methylfolate.

Explore folate, vitamin B9, one-carbon metabolism, anemia, homocysteine, SLC19A1, and differences between folate forms and transport pathways. Understand the connection Folate, or vitamin B9, supports DNA building blocks, cell division, an…

…hemoattractant protein-1, CCR2, monocytes, macrophages, and immune-cell recruitment into tissues. Understand the connection CCL2, also called MCP-1, helps recruit monocytes through the CCR2 receptor. Monocytes can become macrophages, cells…

Explore membrane and soluble CD14, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), TLR4, and innate immune activation.

Explore interleukin-8, neutrophils, CXCR1, CXCR2, and immune-cell recruitment. Understand the connection IL-8, also called CXCL8, helps attract neutrophils through receptors including CXCR1 and CXCR2. It is a chemokine, a signal that guide…

Explore Toll-like receptor 2, microbial and damage signals, TLR1, TLR6, and MyD88 signaling. Understand the connection TLR2 is a pattern-recognition receptor that helps immune cells detect components of microbes and damaged tissue. It ofte…